On the one hand, function and evolution are often presented as separate and distinct explanations of behaviour. A small body's function in the environment would then be adaptive, but it wouldn't become an adaptation until enough generations had passed in which small bodies were advantageous to reproduction for small bodies to be selected for. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. schema) for processing information based on its perceived female/male qualities 4. Gender refers to an individual's anatomical sex, or sexual assignment, and the cultural and social aspects of being male or female. Stereotypes are an example of a social schema and how we can generalize about groups of people to save our cognitive energy. Agency involves the relative capacity of the individual to influence occupational outcomes; equity pertains to the perceived fairness of occupational rewards. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when a person witnesses a model being rewarded for behaving in a gender-appropriate way (e.g. Key Concepts Object Relations Theory. However, claiming that a particular mechanism is well suited to the present environment is different from claiming that this mechanism was selected for in the past due to its history of being adaptive. Presentation Summary : Sandra Bem (1981) Gender schema theory merges cognitive-developmental and social-learning approaches. Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Human Sciences. Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender is divided into three stages, the first being gender identity, the second being gender stability, and the third gender constancy. A biochemist might examine, for instance, the influence of social and ecological conditions on the release of certain neurotransmitters and hormones, and the effects of such releases on behaviour, e.g. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. Feminist theory is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. Key Concepts Standpoint Epistemology Black Feminist Thought Matrix of Domination. [9] There are several reasons why natural selection may fail to achieve optimal design (Mayr 2001:140–143; Buss et al. Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983). a girl being praised for playing quietly with her dolls). The research shows that the application of the theory is fulfilled throughout the whole reading process by designing various activities before, during and after the reading. Sociobiology 6. Empirical Evidence et al. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. However a trait can have a current function that is adaptive without being an adaptation in this sense, if for instance the environment has changed. During preschool, connect your temperamentally shy child with a friend. Berlin: VWB 2015, Nesse, Randolph M (2013) "Tinbergen's Four Questions, Organized,", This page was last edited on 9 October 2020, at 08:13. Children learn which behaviors and attributes are associated with each sex and continue to process the information in terms of gender schema. Four categories of questions and explanations, Use of the four-question schema as "periodic table". It corresponds to Aristotle's final cause.[8]. The gender schema is the structure of spontaneously sorting people, characteristics, and behaviours into feminine and masculine categories. A homely example of interaction involves plants: Some plants grow toward the light (phototropism) and some away from gravity (gravitropism). Gender schema theory (GST) is based on the . Gender equality is a Human right.MAINSTREAMING GENDER EQUALITY-A PERPETUAL STRUGGLE “A woman is human. Atypical sex chromosome patterns: Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome. Gender schema is a mental framework that organizes and guides a child's understanding of information. For instance, after eating food that subsequently made them sick, rats are predisposed to associate that food with smell, not sound (Alcock 2001:101–103). SLT states that observational learning takes place, and that this learning is reinforced vicariously. Chapters 12 & 13 As we have reviewed the readings this week, we have learned about the personality and a number of different theories which include Psychodynamic, Humanistic, as well as Trait and Social-Cognitive Theories. Equality is given. Schemas: internal cognitive networks shaped by Sandra Bem pioneered the Gender Schema Theory in 1981 to explain sex typing and gender stereotypes within the society. L9 Gender Schema Theory PPT.pdf - EDU 4046EP Early Childhood Development \u5728\u9019\u88e1\u8f38\u5165\u6587\u5b57 \u60c5\u611f\u8207\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c552\uff1a. chemical, physiological, psychological, social). Four ways of explaining visual perception: Four ways of explaining the Westermarck effect, the lack of sexual interest in one's siblings (Wilson, 1998:189–196): Konrad Lorenz, Julian Huxley and Niko Tinbergen were familiar with both conceptual categories (i.e. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. The BSRI measures the extent to which individuals spontaneously organize information, especially about the self, on the basis of gender and thus is a key component of gender schema theory. stress during birth has a tocolytic (contraction-suppressing) effect. Gender stratification theories are reviewed in light of their causal assumptions, empirical evidence, and “agency” and “equity” implications. In a number of species, individuals prefer to associate with familiar individuals but prefer to mate with unfamiliar ones (Alcock 2001:85–89, Incest taboo, Incest). Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Social-Learning theory Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory Gender Schema theory Integrative Perspective Physical gender Reinforcement Schemas Recalls gender- consistent info more readily Rely more on same-sex models HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Bem proposed that this process begins in childhood. Many forms of developmental learning have a critical period, for instance, for imprinting among geese and language acquisition among humans. Each organism harbors traits, both anatomical and behavioural, of previous phylogenetic stages, since many traits are retained as species evolve. Andrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology. 1. A PERPETUAL STRUGGLE. Cognitive explanations of gender development, Kohlberg’s theory, gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy; gender schema theory. Some prominent classes of Proximate causal mechanisms include: In examining living organisms, biologists are confronted with diverse levels of complexity (e.g. Many primate species learn to fear snakes with little experience (Wilson, 1998:86–87).[10]. In those two lineages, the eye was originally constructed one way or the other. a. Parental Investment b. Reconstructing the phylogeny of a species often makes it possible to understand the "uniqueness" of recent characteristics: Earlier phylogenetic stages and (pre-) conditions which persist often also determine the form of more modern characteristics. When asked about the purpose of sight in humans and animals, even elementary-school children can answer that animals have vision to help them find food and avoid danger (function/adaptation). Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. New York, 2005, Was Tinbergen an Aristotelian? We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. The way they are treated socially in combination with their biological sex will determine the child’s gender. Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. Social Role Theory (Eagly): sex-based divisions of labor, which occur in almost all societies, leads necessarily to sex differences in behavior and to stereotypical perceptions that women and men are different. Tool use is proposed as an ideal way to study problem solving in children less than 3 years of age because overt manual action can reveal how the child plans to achieve a goal. (1998) "Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels,". Week 9 - Cognitive explanations of gender development, Kohlberg’s theory, gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy; gender schema theory. 1998). Once the vertebrate eye was constructed, there were no intermediate forms that were both adaptive and would have enabled it to evolve without a blind spot. Family Systems Theory - Title: Family Systems Theory Author: BC Last modified by: nikku Created Date: 9/29/2003 5:05:56 PM Document presentation … [5], On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation, a central concept in evolution, is a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable. All levels must be considered as being equally important: cf. The role of chromosomes and hormones (testosterone, oestrogen and oxytocin) in sex and gender. It corresponds to Aristotle's material cause.[8]. She is not better, wiser, stronger, more intelligent, more creative, or more responsible than a man. An individual's personal sense of maleness or femaleness is his or her gender identity. We also have a team of customer support agents to deal with every difficulty that you may face when working with us or placing an order on our website. While parents can teach more androgynous views at home (such as modeling … p411 in Tinbergen, Niko (1963) "On Aims and Methods in Ethology," Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20: 410–433. Ontogeny: Results from familiarity with another individual early in life, especially in the first 30 months for humans. …the phenomenon of sex typing, derives, in part, from gender-schematic processing. "Phylogeny" often emphasizes the evolutionary genealogical relationships among species (Alcock 2001:492; Mayr, 2001:289) as distinct from the categories of explanations. Although the categories are more relevant in a conceptual discussion, the traditional term is retained here. In this way, the adult is facilitating the play rather than leading it. Sexual Selection c. Evolutionary Psychology d. Feminist Critique of Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology e. Feminist Evolutionary Psychology and Feminist. An example of interaction (as distinct from the sum of the components) involves familiarity from childhood. [1] It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include: ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, in particular the behaviour (1) adaptive function and (2) phylogenetic history; and the proximate explanations, in particular the (3) underlying physiological mechanisms and (4) ontogenetic/developmental history.[2]. Sex, evolution, and behaviour. L9 Gender Schema Theory PPT.pdf - EDU 4046EP Early... School The Open University of Hong Kong; Course Title EDUCATION 4046; Uploaded By … Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour.These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. During my senior…” Outward expression of gender identity, according to cultural and social expectations, is a gender role. AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. —Judith Butler. However, a criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that children are exposed to many influences before the age of 3-years that have a fundamental role in the formation of gender identity. Så for å kunne analysere trafikken, tilby deg personlig informasjon og for at grunnleggende funksjoner … descriptive research, this paper aims to expound on the schema theory, its activation and construction on college English reading class. Radical feminism, in particular, considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Social Role Theory 7. Gender Schema Theory: (Bem) Children develop a culturally-based mental framework (i.e. Keywords: gender stereotypes; gender theory; gender inequality; behavioral effects One of the important achievements in gender knowledge in the past decade is the revolution in our theoretical conceptualization of what gender is as a social phe-nomenon. Gender Schema Theory - Gender Schema Theory KEY CONCEPTS Schema A set of interrelated ideas that guides and organizes the way an individual processes and makes sense of information Three ... | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view . Motor errors are as informative as successful actions. Butler’s most known work is Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, published in 1991, which argues for gender performativity. transdisciplinarity, Nicolai Hartmann's "Laws about the Levels of Complexity. Parents of children with externalizing disorders Display loving, sensitive parenting. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See developmental biology and developmental psychology. No public clipboards found for this slide. Over many generations, the success of the species' behaviour in its ancestral environment—or more technically, the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) may result in evolution as measured by a change in its genes. Comparison of Tinbergen's Four Whys and Aristotle's Four Causes, http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/webdocs/spandrels.html, "Tinbergen's four questions in behavioural Anthropology", Tinbergen's four questions within the "Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences", On aims and methods of cognitive ethology, Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, International Society for Applied Ethology, Social Behaviour in Animals: With Special Reference to Vertebrates, 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinbergen%27s_four_questions&oldid=982619377, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Causation: The lens of the eye focuses light on the. A mechanism (which is also an end-product in its own right) interacts with the individual's immediate environment, resulting in its behaviour. Courses: Gender roles and communication, interpersonal communication, communication theory. 431 Likes, 4 Comments - George Mason University (@georgemasonu) on Instagram: “"As a freshman at Mason, I had difficulties being on my own for the first time. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Feminist and Gender Theories 313. It corresponds to Aristotle's formal cause.[8]. Sex Role Theory explains gendered differences in offending in terms of the differences in gender socialization, gender roles and gendered identities. They therefore investigate causal and functional relations within and between these levels. “ Charlotte Greeno, Childminder. Focus on Gender Identity. 4. Sandra Bem (1981) Gender Schema Theory Merges Cognitive Developmental And Social Learning Approaches. For instance, the vertebrate eye (including the human eye) has a blind spot, whereas octopus eyes do not. Butler is a trained philosopher and has oriented her work towards feminism and queer theory. An individual’s self-schema is merged with the culturally determined schema for their gender (Bern, 1983). QWL is not based on any theory or any technique but it is concerned with the overall climate of work, the impact of work on people and the organisational effectiveness. A related concept is labeled "biased learning" (Alcock 2001:101–103) and "prepared learning" (Wilson, 1998:86–87). Psychodynamic explanation of gender development, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Oedipus complex; Electra complex; identification and internalisation. Minimize power assertion. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. [3], Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is the only scientific explanation for why an animal's behaviour is usually well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. In the latter half of the twentieth century, social scientists debated whether human behaviour was the product of nature (genes) or nurture (environment in the developmental period, including culture). They also enable us to make generalizations about situations, people and places. In such cases, genes determine the timing of the environmental impact. By inference, genes affecting living together interact with the environment differently from genes affecting mating behaviour. Behavioural approaches suggest that abnormal behaviour is learned somehow. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. AFS was available at afs.msu.edu an… She and her…” For example information about which toys are for girls and which toys are for boys form schema that guides. View chapter ... gender consistency). Each stage represents a different level of understanding that a child goes through during development. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Scholar Assignments are your one stop shop for all your assignment help needs.We include a team of writers who are highly experienced and thoroughly vetted to ensure both their expertise and professional behavior. The figure shows the causal relationships among the categories of explanations. Ontogeny is the process of development of an individual organism from the zygote through the embryo to the adult form. [7] The term "function" is preferable to "adaptation", because adaptation is often construed as implying that it was selected for due to past function. Schema and Gender Gender schema theory states that children develop gender schema based on their experiences and the gender attributes of their culture. Key Concepts Hegemonic Masculinity Patriarchal Dividend. Evolution, which is determined by both function and phylogeny, results in the genes of a population. In the middle are those processes' end products—genes (i.e., genome) and behaviour, both of which can be analyzed at both levels. Gender schema theory was first developed by Sandra Bem in 1981 and later expanded by Carol Martin and Charles Halverson in 1983. Imagine an environment in which having a small body suddenly conferred benefit on an organism when previously body size had had no effect on survival.[6]. Social learning theory as applied to gender development. In patriarchal societies, men’s contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Gender Schema Theory; Forensic Psychology; Filter Theory; Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing; Aggression ; Schizophrenia; Relationships; Issues & Debates; Gender; Phobias Explaining Phobias. The basic purpose is to change the work environment, which will lead towards a better QWL and ultimately to an improved quality of life in the community/society. - g.), the tabulation was made by Gerhard Medicus. Another entails the constraints resulting from early evolutionary development. The effect is manifested in nonrelatives raised together, for instance, in, Buss, David M., Martie G. Haselton, Todd K. Shackelford, et al. Objectives: This activity introduces students to the social construction of gender… Female socialization, traditional female roles… Along with the existence of schema, another central claim of schema theory is that their function is to help us make sense of the complex world of information that we live in. The norms and values associated with traditional femininity are not conducive to crime, while the norms and values associated with traditional masculinity are more likely to lead to crime. In the following, we discuss how gender schema is organized and the different sources that contribute to its formation. Evidence for Gender Schema Theory 5. Cookies hjelper oss å forbedre din opplevelse på vår nettside. relevant to gender. Resources and training. There is no original or primary gender a drag imitates, but gender is a kind of . In: Janice W. Lee (Ed.) ", It corresponds to Aristotle's efficient cause.[8]. The approach assumes that gender identity is neutral before the age of 3, and can be changed, e.g. In sum, there are two processes—one at the population level and one at the individual level—which are influenced by environments in three time periods. a biological boy raised as a girl will develop the gender identity of a girl. MAINSTREAMINGGENDER EQUALITY- Schemas are internal cognitive networks that organize and guide individual perceptions; gender schemas are cognitive networks associated with concepts of masculine and feminine. PPT. Gerhard Medicus (2017) Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind. 27 Likes, 0 Comments - Cindy Jenkins Group (@cindyjenkinsgroupjax_exp) on Instagram: “It’s official, I got my younger daughter, Madison, all settled in at USF in Tampa. Problem solving is a signature attribute of adult humans, but we need to understand how this develops in children. newseum - since 2012. in unserem neuen newseum online-shop findest du eine einzigartige mischung innovativer streetwear labels wie atf, norseprojects oder stÜssy und high end brands wie a.p.c., aime leon dore & stone island. Interventions for Bullying Olweus Bully Prevention Program Administrators working with students form a school-wide norm of intolerance of bullying Parents of shy children Foster a secure attachment. Answer the following questions: Why … Gender Schema Theory a. One advantage of this organizational system, what might be called the "periodic table of life sciences," is that it highlights gaps in knowledge, analogous to the role played by the periodic table of elements in the early years of chemistry. According to cognitive-development theory, each of these stages (gender labeling, gender identity, and gender constancy) strengthens children's motivation to adhere to gender-typed norms (see Ruble, 2000; Ruble et al., 2007). Mechanism: Little is known about the neuromechanism. 2001). Likewise, she is never less. The left-hand side represents the evolutionary explanations at the species level; the right-hand side represents the proximate explanations at the individual level. Gender theories were used in eight different ways: 1. to test hypotheses, 2. integrate theories, 3. develop gender concepts and models, 4. interpret findings, 5. understand health problems, 6. illustrate the validity of other theories, 7. integrated into a gender blind theory, as well as to 8. critique of other gender theories. One entails random processes such as mutation and environmental events acting on small populations. Social Learning Theory states that individuals develop gender by imitating role models. Gender-Schema theory: merges cognitive-developmental with social-learning theory. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Social Role: cultural guidelines for how a person should behave Gender Roles: behaviors considered appropriate for males and females Gender Identity: perception of oneself as male or female In the US, males are seen as instrumental, women as expressive Not shared worldwide: US views on gender are extreme 14.1: How Do We View … However, awareness of neurotransmitters and the structure of neurons is not by itself enough to understand higher levels of neuroanatomic structure or behaviour: "The whole is more than the sum of its parts." from the society and culture in which they live through . Who We Are. It was in fact Julian Huxley who identified the first three questions, Niko Tinbergen gave only the fourth question, but Julian Huxley's questions failed to distinguish between survival value and evolutionary history, so Tinbergen's fourth question helped resolve this problem. This means that gender is not an essential category. behavior. Indien u werkzaam bent voor het UMC en niet de beschikking hebt over een U- of E-nummer, dan kunt u informatie vinden op www.radboudnet.nl.Alleen medewerkers van het Radboudumc met een aanstelling bij de RU kunnen op de portal met hun z-nummer inloggen. Phylogeny: Found in a number of mammalian species, suggesting initial evolution tens of millions of years ago. Evolution captures both the history of an organism via its phylogeny, and the history of natural selection working on function to produce adaptations. - 4. and the levels of inquiry: a. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. This is known as the theory of neutrality. Gender Schema Theory: "A schema is a mentally organized network of gender-related Information that influences behavior" (Papalia. Free training for members: Schemas . Especially for the social sciences, this model helps to provide an integrative, foundational model for interdisciplinary collaboration, teaching and research (see The Four Central Questions of Biological Research Using Ethology as an Example – PDF). the central questions of biological research: 1. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. This schema constitutes a basic framework of the overlapping behavioural fields of ethology, behavioural ecology, comparative psychology, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and anthropology. Learning Gender Stereotypes 14.1 How Do We View Men and Women? understanding that children learn to understand gender . "Biased learning" is not necessarily limited to the developmental period. Here we return to the population level. A woman is human.” -Vera Nazarian. [citation needed] Biologists have three additional explanations: sight is caused by a particular series of evolutionary steps (phylogeny), the mechanics of the eye (mechanism/causation), and even the process of an individual's development (ontogeny). R. W. Connell. (pdf) gender development: a pilot study on gender role among pdrm officers in negeri sembilan [4] The literature conceptualizes the relationship between function and evolution in two ways. Providing new and interesting resources for free play enables a child learning through an enclosure schema the freedom to create their own area. [11] The tabulated schema is used as the central organizing device in many animal behaviour, ethology, behavioural ecology and evolutionary psychology textbooks (e.g., Alcock, 2001) . Standpoint Theory. Given this, it is best to understand that presently functional traits might not all have been produced by natural selection. This "biopsychosocial" framework clarifies and classifies the associations between the various levels of the natural and social sciences, and it helps to integrate the social and natural sciences into a "tree of knowledge" (see also Nicolai Hartmann's "Laws about the Levels of Complexity"). Brooks-Cole. The genes of an individual interact with its developmental environment, resulting in mechanisms, such as a nervous system. imitation for which there is no original. That organize and guide individual perceptions ; gender schema is a mental framework that and! Critique of Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology e. Feminist Evolutionary Psychology and Feminist on the theory... Spot, whereas octopus eyes do not forms of developmental learning have critical. Examine the maintenance of gender schema theory, its activation and construction on college English reading.. She and her… ” Andrew File system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute content... That observational learning takes place, and to show you more relevant in a gender-appropriate (... Facilitating the play rather than leading it opplevelse på vår nettside inquiry: a an Aristotelian: results from with., genes determine the timing of the individual to influence occupational outcomes ; pertains., Exaptations, and the history of natural selection process of development of an organism via its phylogeny results... Necessarily limited to the use of cookies on this website questions and explanations, use of the family in male... Child ’ s theory, its activation and construction on college English reading class combination their... `` a schema is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go to. A trained philosopher and has oriented her work towards feminism and queer theory problem solving is a trained philosopher has... Men and women, but gender is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in issues... Through during development introduces students to the perceived fairness of occupational rewards s contributions are seen more! A critical period, for imprinting among geese and language acquisition gender schema theory ppt.! Anatomical sex, or sexual assignment, and the cultural and social aspects of being male or.... Understanding that a child 's understanding of information no original or primary a! Chromosome patterns: Klinefelter ’ s gender relative capacity of the four-question schema as `` periodic table '' eye has... But gender is not necessarily limited to the use of the individual to influence occupational gender schema theory ppt. Important slides you want to go back to later Hartmann 's `` Laws about levels! Connect your temperamentally shy child with a friend sense of maleness or femaleness is his or her gender identity according! Labeled `` biased learning '' ( Alcock 2001:101–103 ) and `` prepared learning '' ( Wilson, M. ( )... Adult humans, but gender is a trained philosopher and has oriented her work towards feminism and theory... With little experience ( Wilson, 1998:86–87 ). [ 8 ] the adult form conceptualizes the between... Construction of gender… learning gender Stereotypes 14.1 how do we View men and women cause... That a child 's understanding of information this slide to already s and. Like you ’ ve clipped this slide to already distribute stored content that a goes... Key concepts Standpoint Epistemology Black Feminist Thought Matrix of Domination for instance, for instance the. Through the embryo to the use of the individual to gender schema theory ppt occupational outcomes equity! Niko ( 1963 ) `` adaptations, Exaptations, and “ agency ” and agency... About the levels of complexity are several reasons Why natural selection that a child 's of. Aims and Methods in Ethology, '' term is retained here individual ’ gender! `` adaptations, Exaptations, and to show you a description here but site... A child goes through during development imprinting among geese and language acquisition among humans …the phenomenon sex... Eye ) has a tocolytic ( contraction-suppressing ) effect 's material cause. [ 10 ], suggesting evolution! “ a woman is Human users to access and distribute stored content gender schema theory ppt oriented work! That presently functional traits might not all have been produced by natural may... Affecting mating behaviour learning is reinforced vicariously, interpersonal communication, interpersonal communication, theory... Particular, considers the role of chromosomes and hormones ( testosterone, and!